Peaceful Action, Open Heart, p243-244Giving (dana) is an essential bodhisattva practice. In Chapter Twenty on Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, the Universal Gate, we learned about the four skillful means of a bodhisattva. The first of these is the practice of making offerings. There are three kinds of offering. The first is giving material goods. The second is giving the gift of the Dharma, the practice that liberates us from suffering. The third and ultimate offering of the bodhisattva is the gift of non-fear. We have to understand giving in this light. Dana paramita, the perfection of giving, has nothing to do with material wealth. It has to do with generosity and openness, our capacity to embrace others with our compassion and love. With that spirit, we quite naturally want to give everything we can to help them. So we can see right away that dana paramita intersects with the practice of kṣānti, inclusiveness, and it also has the element of prajn͂ā, wisdom, because it is through our understanding of interbeing that generosity and compassion arise. When we truly see ourselves as others and others as ourselves, we naturally want to do everything we can to secure their happiness and well-being, because we know that it is also our own well-being and happiness.
There’s a kind of vegetable in Vietnam called he (prounounced “hey”). It belongs to the onion family and looks like a scallion, and it is very good in soup. The more you cut the plants at the base the more they grow. If you don’t cut them, they won’t grow very much, but if you cut them often, right at the base of the stalk, they grow bigger and bigger. This is also true of the practice of dana. If you give and continue to give, you become richer and richer all the time, richer in terms of happiness and well-being. This may seem strange, but it is always true. The more you give away the things that you value – not just material things but also gifts of time and energy – the greater your store of riches. How is this possible? When you try to hoard things you may end up losing them, but everything you give to help others always remains with you as the foundation of your well-being.
All posts by John Hughes
Daily Dharma – Jan. 19, 2021
I remember the extinction of that Buddha
As vividly as if he had passed away just now,
By my unhindered wisdom; I also remember
The Śrāvakas and Bodhisattvas who lived [with him].
The Buddha sings these verses in Chapter Seven of the Lotus Sūtra. Because the Buddha sees this world for what it is, his conception of time is much different from ours. We believe that our existence is tied up with the existence of our bodies. Here he reminds us that while our lives are certainly precious, this is not the whole story. Our existence is linked with that of countless beings, and there is no good reason to fear our extinction. There is no shortage of time, and no shortage of lives. Our opportunities to benefit others are truly boundless. The only things that restrict us are our own delusion and attachment.
The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com
Another Innumerable Day Before Day 1
Having last month considered the third of the 10 Beneficial Effects of the Sutra of Innumerable Meaning, we consider the fourth beneficial effect:
“O you of good intent! Fourth, this sutra’s unimaginable power for beneficial effect is this: If there are living beings who can hear this sutra – whether a section of it, whether a verse of it, or whether a phrase – they will gain a dauntless attitude, they will become capable of ferrying others even though they do not yet ferry themselves, and they will gain the company of bodhisattvas. The buddha tathāgatas will always attend to such people and will expound the teachings to them. After hearing them, these people will be fully able to accept them, uphold them, and follow them without opposition; they will also, in turn, expound them appropriately to others far and wide. O you of good intent! Such people can be likened to the newborn prince of a king and queen. One day becomes two days, and then seven; one month becomes two months, and then seven; he becomes one year old, and then two, and then seven. Even though he cannot yet govern or administer the affairs of state, he is revered and respected by the people and enjoys the companionship of all great princes. The king and queen constantly give him earnest counsel and shower their affection upon him. Why is this so? It is because he is of tender age and has not yet matured. O you of good intent! So it is also with one who keeps faith with this sutra. The convergence of the buddhas and this sutra – the union of ‘king’ and ‘queen’ – gives birth to this bodhisattva-child. If this bodhisattva can hear this sutra – whether a phrase of it or whether a verse, whether one, two, ten, a hundred, a thousand, or ten thousand times, or, like myriad multiples of all the sands of the Ganges River, an infinite number of times – even though he or she will not yet be able to embody its principles and truths to the fullest extent, or be able to make lands in the universe of a thousand-million Sumeru worlds tremble and shake from the rolling thunder of a Brahma voice that turns a great wheel of the Dharma, he or she will have gained the respect and admiration of all of the four kinds of followers and eight kinds of ever-present guardian spirits, will gain the company of great bodhisattvas, and will see deeply into doctrines preserved by the buddhas and be able to speak on them without fault or lack. Because this bodhisattva is just beginning to learn, he or she will always be kept in mind by the buddhas and will be wrapped in their affection. O you of good intent! This is known as the inconceivable power of the fourth beneficial effect of this sutra.
Underscore: The union of ‘king’ and ‘queen’ – gives birth to this bodhisattva-child – capable of ferrying others even though they do not yet ferry themselves.
Six Doors of Action
Peaceful Action, Open Heart, p239-240The Sanskrit term “paramita” is usually translated in English as “perfection,” but in Chinese Buddhist literature it is always rendered in a character that translates literally as “crossing to the other shore.” The Six Paramitas are very concrete means for us to cross over the sea of suffering to the shore of freedom from craving, anger, envy, despair, and delusion. Through cultivating and perfecting these six ways of being, we can reach the other shore very quickly – it may take only a few seconds for us to cross over the river of suffering and arrive on the shore of well-being. We may have thought that it would take many years of practice in order to get free of the afflictions, but if we know how to cultivate and manifest these six qualities we can cross over right here and now.
The first paramita, the first door of action, is dana, giving and generosity. The second door of action is shila, the precepts, mindfulness trainings, and guidelines for ethical behavior. The third door is kṣānti, all-embracing inclusiveness. The fourth door of action is vīrya, diligence, energy, effort, and steadfastness in the practice. The fifth is dhyana, meditation, the practice of stopping and calming and looking deeply. And the sixth is prajn͂ā, wisdom and understanding.
We have already seen these qualities manifested in the bodhisattvas of the Lotus Sutra. Never Despising Bodhisattva and Pūrṇa exemplify the perfection of inclusiveness. Mañjuśrī is an example of complete realization of great wisdom. Earth Store Bodhisattva’s vow not to rest until all living beings are delivered from the hells of suffering is an example of the perfection of diligence.
All of the great bodhisattvas manifest the qualities of the Six Paramitas in various ways, and each of these six doors of action exists in interdependence with the others. In any one of these six qualities, you can see the other five. This is the approach that we should always take when we study and practice Buddhism, because the very foundation of Buddhist wisdom is interbeing – the one contains the all.
Daily Dharma – Jan. 18, 2021
Now you have awakened us, saying:
“What you attained was not true extinction.
When you have the unsurpassed wisdom of the Buddha,
You will attain true extinction.”
Five hundred of the Buddha’s monks give this explanation in Chapter Eight of the Lotus Sūtra. These monks believed that by extinguishing their desires and ending their suffering, they would reach the wisdom of the Buddha. They had not yet heard the teaching of the Lotus Sūtra in which the Buddha reveals his wisdom and the path to attain it. This is the path of the Bodhisattva: beings who resolve to work for the enlightenment of all beings and not just end their own suffering. We may start on the path towards enlightenment by wanting to be happy. Then as we progress, we find our happiness entwined with that of all beings.
The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com
Between Day 32 and Day 1: Perils of the Sense Faculty of Hearing
Going through each of the senses and their karmic consequences – the sense faculty of sight, the sense faculty of hearing, the sense faculty of smell, the sense faculty of speech and the sense faculty of the body and mind – we continue with sense faculty of hearing.
The practitioner, having seen the stupa of Many-Treasures Buddha, must then turn again to Universal Sage Bodhisattva, place his or her palms together, pay homage, and say:
“Great Teacher, teach me the way of self-amendment for my faults!”
Universal Sage will respond, saying:
“Throughout many kalpas, the function of your sense faculty of hearing has caused you to chase after and follow external sounds. When you hear wonderful sounds, your mind develops infatuation and attachment. When you hear unwholesome sounds, one hundred and eight kinds of delusive worldly passions arise to do you harm. Adverse conditions are the consequences reaped from such a dysfunctional ear, and your constant hearing of unwholesome sounds gives rise to numerous complications. Because you hear things contrary to reality, you fall into bitter conditions, or into faraway realms where there are wrong views and where the Dharma is not heard.
“You now internalize and keep faith with the Great Vehicle – the treasury of an ocean of beneficial effects. You see the buddhas in the ten directions by reason of this cause! The stupa of Many-Treasures Buddha appears to you as proof! Accordingly, you must express your errors and faults yourself, and amend yourself of impurities!”
Then, having heard these words, the practitioner must again place palms together, cast his or her body upon the ground, and speak thus:
“Fully Enlightened World-honored One! Manifest and bear witness for me that the comprehensive sutras are the core of mercy and compassion! May you commune with me and hear my words!
“Throughout many kalpas – up to my existence at this point – my sense faculty of hearing has caused me to become deluded and to become attached to the sounds I hear, just as glue adheres to straw. The poisons of delusive worldly passions are stirred up whenever I hear unwholesome sounds, and I become deluded and attached to them unceasingly everywhere. Being around these hollow sounds exhausts my mental functions, and I fall into the three unwholesome realms. My awareness of this is now awakened for the first time. I face the World-honored One to make acknowledgement and amend myself!”
The Everyday Actions of Teachers of the Dharma
The Stories of the Lotus Sutra, p35We should … recognize that each preacher or teacher of the Dharma must be so in his or her own smaller world, be it a university, a business, a playground, a home, or whatever. There are buddhas in temples to inspire us, but what the Dharma demands of us is that it be shared, taught, and embodied everywhere, that is, wherever we are.
In other words, from the perspective of the Dharma Flower Sutra what is most important is not finally the miraculous actions of the gods and heavenly bodhisattvas and buddhas, but the everyday actions of the people of this world.
Abiding in the One and Employing the Three
This was written in advance of the Jan. 17, 2021, meeting of the Nichiren Buddhist Sangha of the San Francisco Bay Area, which is discussing Chapter 3 of the Lotus Sutra this week. This post extends last month’s discussion of Does the Buddha Only Teach Bodhisattvas?
In Chapter 3, the Buddha explicitly states that Śāriputra will become a Buddha in a distant future.
Śāriputra! Although the world in which he appears will not be an evil one, that Buddha will expound the teaching of the Three Vehicles according to his original vow.
This has always bothered me. Back in March 2019 in my 32 Days of the Lotus Sutra post, I wrote:
This prediction of Śāriputra’s future world is one of the great mysteries to me. After more than 40 times reading the Lotus Sūtra, I simply cannot fathom why Śāriputra, as the Buddha Flower-Light, will teach the Three Vehicles. None of the other predictions of future Buddhahood of the Śrāvakas includes this detail.
Today, nearing completion of my 59th trip through the Lotus Sutra, I have a new appreciation of what I believe is being taught here.
In Chapter 3, Śāriputra explains that he considered himself a śrāvaka and the teaching he had received before as something different from what Bodhisattvas were given. After hearing in Chapter 2 that the Buddha teaches only Bodhisattvas and that the division of the Buddha’s teachings into different vehicles is actually an expedient teaching device, Śāriputra now understood his error.
I always saw you praising the Bodhisattvas.
Therefore, I thought this over day and night.
Now hearing from you,
I understand that you expound the Dharma
According to the capacities of all living beings.
You lead all living beings
To the place of enlightenment
By the Dharma-without-āsravas, difficult to understand.
The misunderstanding – the thought that he was taught a lesser teaching – is Śāriputra’s. Thinking there are three separate vehicles mistakes what Śākyamuni did, what other Buddhas are doing and what Śāriputra will do when he becomes a Buddha.
Śākyamuni’s original vow is discussed toward the end of Chapter 2, Expedients.
I thought:
“If I extol only the Buddha-Vehicle,
The living beings [of the six regions] will not believe it
Because they are too much enmeshed in sufferings to think of it.
If they do not believe but violate the Dharma,
They will fall into the three evil regions.
I would rather enter into Nirvana quickly
Than expound the Dharma to them.”
But, thinking of the past Buddhas who employed expedients,
I changed my mind and thought:
“I will expound the Dharma which I attained
By dividing it into the Three Vehicles.”
So too will Shariputra.
Chih-i offers this explanation in his Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra:
Chu-i Yung-san (Abiding in the one and employing the three) is the function related to the Subtlety of Benefits. This is spoken of by Chih-i in terms of the Buddha’s original vow. The Buddha vowed to expound the Three Vehicles in the mundane world. This original vow of the Buddha denotes “abiding in the one,” and expounding the Three Vehicles denotes “employing the three.” (Vol. 2, Page 446)
The Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra: Tien-tai Philosophy of Buddhism
Later in the same book we learn:
In terms of the functions that can be summarized by the Worldly Siddhānta, “abiding in the three and revealing the one,” and “abiding in the one and employing the three” are said by Chih-i to correspond with the Worldly Siddhānta. This is because by abiding at the Three Vehicles and by employing the Three Vehicles, the Buddha caters to the intellectual capabilities of living beings. Complying with the needs of beings in teaching various vehicles belongs the Worldly Siddhānta. (Vol. 2, Page 449)
The Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra: Tien-tai Philosophy of Buddhism
Śāriputra, like all Buddhas, will abide in the one and employ the three.
The Door of the Six Paramitas
Peaceful Action, Open Heart, p239In one of the chants recited by monks and nuns during the morning service there is the expression, “opening the door of action.” This refers to entering the dimension of action through the practice of the Six Paramitas. The Six Paramitas are called the doors of action because this practice is the basis of the bodhisattva path. Not only Sadaparibhuta, Avalokiteśvara, Samantabhadra, and the other great bodhisattvas we’ve met in the pages of the Lotus Sutra, but also you, I, and every one of us can be Buddha’s disciple and friend and serve as a bodhisattva to help bring peace, joy, and stability to the world.
The Importance of the First Bodhisattva Vow
To say the truth, if attaining enlightenment by the people of Two Vehicles had not been revealed, then all beings in the nine realms would never be able to become Buddhas. The essence of the Lotus Sūtra, as a reasonable dharma, is that each sentient being in the ten realms contains the ten realms within itself. For example, each person is composed of the four elements of earth, water, heat and air. If one of these elements is missing, there will be no human being. It is true that not only human beings but also all other beings and non-beings such as grasses, plants and dust particles throughout the ten realms each possesses the ten realms. If the beings in the realms of Two Vehicles are not able to become Buddhas, then none of the eight realms can become Buddhas either. This is like nine siblings whose parents are still alive. If two of the nine are determined to be inferior, the other seven will also be considered inferior. The Buddha and the Lotus Sūtra are like parents and the people in the nine realms are like their real children. Therefore, if the people of the Two Vehicles of śrāvaka and pratyekabuddha will never be able to attain Buddhahood, how then could the bodhisattvas and six other ordinary children become Buddhas? There is no doubt about this because Śākyamuni Buddha preaches in the Lotus Sūtra, “This triple world is My domain, in which all living beings are My children. There are many sufferings in this world…, and only I can save all beings.”
All bodhisattvas make the Four Great Vows. If a bodhisattva does not accomplish the first vow, how can he attain the fourth?
Shōjō Daijō Fumbetsu-shō, The Differences between Hinayāna and Mahāyāna Teachings, Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 2, Page 194