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Basic Buddhist Concepts

Basic Buddhist ConceptsFrom Amazon

One of the world’s oldest and greatest religions, Buddhish–like its companions, Christianity and Islam–has experienced schism and division which scatter its teachings among separate sects, nations and sets of ritual practice. Nonetheless, it is possible to identify common teachings which form the essence of Buddhist belief. This book provides lucid explanations of such fundamental concepts as the Three Treasures, the seals of the law, the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, the law of causation, and the threefold learning—teachings that all Buddhists honor, which bare the heart of this complicated and magnificently profound religion.

From the Preface:
In its more than twenty-five hundred years of history, Buddhism has acquired an extraordinarily complicated body of doctrines that vary from sect to sect throughout Hinayana and Mahayana, the religion’s two main streams. Grasping all of its content is extremely difficult. In this book, to make entry into the field easier for the inexperienced, I have attempted to cut through sectarian differences and to set forth basic truths common to all Buddhism. My approach is justified since, in its purest form, Buddhism inclines to no particular group or sect but reveals the universal human condition. In this sense, it is the ideal religion for the future. A person who understands its truth, even though he or she Jacks knowledge of special doctrinal terms and vocabulary, cannot fail to see that Buddhism is correct and applicable to all places and times.

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Book List

A Useful Religion

Shakyamuni himself frequently said that religious doctrine must be not only true and correct but also useful.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

The Second of the Four Truths

Inevitably, suffering and its stimulus are bound together by causal links, and suffering will not vanish as long as the stimulus persists. The second of the four truths sets forth the cause of suffering.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

The Second Seal of the Law

Various terms were used at different times to indicate the meaning of the second seal of the Law: in Sanskrit, anatman (devoid of self) in primitive Buddhist scriptures and shunyata (void, emptiness) in Mahayana texts; and in Chinese, by the Zen Buddhists, wu (not). But all of these terms mean the absence of any fixed self or permanent nature, not utter nonexistence. The second seal of the Law expresses the ultimate goal of Buddhism as the attainment of the state in which realization of the impermanence and transience of all things liberates human beings from attachments of all kinds and enables them to act free and unhindered in accordance with the Law.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

Abandoning Mistaken Practices

Buddhist sources say that in Shakyamuni’s day there were sixty-two “mistaken philosophies” in India. That precise number is, of course, the contribution of later Buddhist scholars, but Shakyamuni himself denounced several widely held theories contemporary with his own philosophy. In his sermons, he made it clear that to lead people to Buddhism it is first necessary to show them the fallacies of other religions and philosophies and motivate them to abandon the mistaken practices encouraged by such systems.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

Uttara-kuru

Only to the extent that one envisions a higher way of life does the discrepancy between the real world and the ideal become obvious. There is no need for religion in the Utopian realm called Uttara-kuru, which, according to ancient Buddhist cosmology, lies north of Mount Sumeru (the center of the universe), and where all wishes come true. The Buddha never appeared in Uttara-kuru because the people dwelling there felt no need of the salvation he offered.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

The Acquisition of Religious Spirit

The true spirit of religion does not arise from a desire for economic security or a hope of being cured of disease. Worship inspired by the prospect of worldly benefits is not true worship and does not accord with the higher teachings of the Buddha. It cannot be denied, however, that many people whose original motive for turning to religion was desire for mundane well-being have gone on to acquire consciousness of higher ideals and awareness of the genuine meaning of faith. The religious experience can occur on many levels. The acquisition of the religious spirit is more often than not gradual, and ideals tend to become loftier and deeper as experience grows.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

Storehouse Consciousness

In a more general sense, the storehouse consciousness is the accumulation of past experiences, which serves as a foundation for present spiritual and psychological activity and exerts great influence on superficial operations. In addition, it is the power that, by persisting, enables transmission of the karmic effects of present good and bad acts into future life. Buddha-nature deals with the essential nature of things, and the storehouse consciousness with their manifestations. The Mahayana idea of the buddha-nature evolved from Mahasanghika thought, while the concept of the storehouse consciousness derived from Abhidharma writings of the Theravada school.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

The Doctrine of Dependent Origination

The doctrine of dependent origination found in Theravada and sectarian Buddhism and in the teachings of later schools of East Asian Buddhism emphasizes the sequential time relationship with regard to karmic effects. According to this view, cause necessarily precedes effect. The second interpretation is found in the teachings of the Perfection of Wisdom sutras; Indian Madhyamika Buddhism and its Chinese incarnation, the San-lun (Three Treatises) school; and the T’ien-t’ai school, whose doctrines are derived from the Lotus Sutra. This interpretation insists that all causes and effects exist simultaneously and likens their influence on one another to spatial relations rather than to time sequence. Although the two interpretations seem separate and exclusive, in fact each includes elements of the other, since dependent origination describes all things in both time and space.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

A Subjective Stimulant to Objective Health, Prosperity

A person struggling with what appears to be an insuperable financial problem worries and frets, cannot sleep, and finds that food has no appeal. Failing health makes it difficult to work. The sudden advent of religious faith changes the person’s attitude toward life overnight. Realizing that one can do no more than one’s best, the person ceases to worry. As anxiety vanishes, the person is once again able to sleep and eat properly. Soon, healthy again, the person is able to attack work with new vigor. The person’s fortunes improve, the apparently insuperable problem fades into insignificance, and before long the person is better off than ever before.

This kind of thing has happened often in the past and will continue to happen. Undeniably, a spiritual awakening can lead to improved health and even to business success. Though perhaps not its highest goal, physical and financial recovery is a frequent side effect of religious faith. Materialist critics of religion as an opiate ignore its positive effects as a subjective stimulant to objective health and prosperity. In addition, while bringing inner peace and a change of mind, religion insists that instead of resting content with an improved state of private affairs, human beings do all within their power to reform the social evils that lead to misery and strife and try to rid the world of both natural and human-caused disasters. It goes without saying that this is a prime consideration in the Buddhist law of dependent origination.
Basic Buddhist Concepts

Promoting Overall Spiritual Health

[M]ost people who feel no particular spiritual suffering assume they are in a sound state of psychological health. Many remain unaware of their true condition because they do not recognize the difference between spiritual health and spiritual illness. Without a reliable criterion, they consider the unhealthy to be sound and believe themselves free of mental suffering and in no need of help from religion. Even those who are relatively sound of spirit, like those in good physical shape, need to maintain and improve their health. They need to deepen their religious faith and discipline and cultivate themselves in order to preserve and improve the psychological health they enjoy. The teachings of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path are the foundation of a highly rational system that not only corrects spiritual disturbances but also promotes overall spiritual health and encourages its improvement.
Basic Buddhist Concepts