Category Archives: WONS

Returning to Kern’s translation of the Lotus Sutra

Recently I’ve been exploring the concept of Mappō, the Latter Age of Degeneration. To that end I’ve read the first part of Jan Nattier’s “Once Upon A Future Time: Studies in a Buddhist Prophecy of Decline,” which details the history and sources of the idea that the Buddha’s teaching decline after his Parinirvāṇa. That led me to re-read Nichiren’s Senji Shō, Selecting the Right Time: A Tract by Nichiren, the Buddha’s Disciple.”

It was while I was reading Nichiren’s letter that I noticed this:

Moreover, Tripitaka Master Pu-k’ung’s works have many mistakes. Calling the Buddha who was revealed in the 16th chapter of the Lotus Sutra, The Duration of the Life of the Tathāgata, the Buddha of Infinite Life, as he does in his Esoteric Rites Based on the Lotus Sutra, was apparently a blunder. It is not worthy of discussion that he mixed up the arrangement of the chapters in the Lotus Sutra by placing the 26th chapter, Dhārāṇis, next to the 21st chapter, The Supernatural Powers of the Tathāgata, and moving the 22nd chapter, Transmission, to the ends.

When I last read this letter in 2018, I missed the significance of Pu-k’ung’s variation in the order of the Lotus Sutra chapters. Nichiren, of course, considered Kumārajīva’s fifth-century Chinese translation of the original Sanskrit to be the most accurate translation. (See this story about Kumārajīva’s tongue.)

Pu-k’ung, however, is using the same order found by Jan Hendrik Kern, who published the first English-language translation of the Lotus Sutra in 1884. Kern’s translation was based upon a Nepalese Sanskrit manuscript written on palm leaves and dated 1039 CE. (See this chart on the organizational differences.)

The glossary in the back of Writings of Nichiren Shōnin, Doctrine 1, has this to say about Pu-k’ung:

Pu-k’ung, Tripitaka Master (Fukū)
Also known as Amoghavajra, 705-774 CE. The sixth patriarch of the Shingon sect. Born in northern India, Pu-k’ung came to China at the age of thirteen and entered the Buddhist order under the guidance of Vajrabodhi studying esoteric Buddhism. After Vajrabodhi’s death, he visited India and returned with twelve hundred fascicles of sutras and discourses. He was trusted by the three reigning Emperors: Hsüan-tsung of the T’ang dynasty and two successors, who established esoteric Buddhism as the state religion. He translated sutras such as Hannyarishu-kyō, Heart and Perfection of Naya Wisdom Sutra and Bodaishin-ron, Treatise on Bhodi-Mind. Pointing out his mistakes in the Bodaishin-ron and failure in praying for rain, Nichiren condemned him for slandering the True Dharma.

What this suggests is that the order of the sutra Kern found in a 1039 CE text was actually the order used in India centuries earlier.

The following three Chinese translations exist today.

  1. Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the True Dharma – 286 CE, translated by Dharmarakṣa, (born in the 230’s CE, died at age 78.), Ten volumes, 27 chapters.
  2. Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma – 406 CE, translated by Kumārajīva (344-413 CE or 350-409 CE), Seven volumes, 27 chapters. Later enlarged edition consists of eight volumes, 28 chapters.
  3. Appended Sūtra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma – 601 CE, translated by Jñānagupta, (523-605 CE) and Dharmagupta (d. 619 CE), Seven volumes, 27 chapters.

Interestingly, an English translator of the Tibetan translation of the Lotus Sutra, says:

The Tibetan version matches in content the version translated into Chinese by Jñānagupta and Dharmagupta in 601–02, and also matches the Nepalese Sanskrit manuscripts.

So the alternate order of the chapters was present as far back as 601 CE.

Shingyō Hikkei: Nyosetsu Shugyō-shō

An Instruction from Sado to Disciples and Followers

When all the people under the heaven and various schools of Buddhism are all converted to the one and real vehicle, and when only the Lotus Sutra flourishes and all the people recite “Namu Myoho Renge-kyo” in unison, the howling wind will not blow on the branches, falling rain will not erode the soil, and the world will become as good as during the reigns of the Chinese Emperors Fu-hsi and Shen-neng. You will see that such times will come when the calamities cease to exist, people live long, and men and their faith become eternal. There should be no doubt about the proof of the tranquility in life.

(Explanatory note)

If such a time comes when all the people in the entire world and all the teachings of the world are converted into one supreme teaching of the Buddha, and when only the Lotus Sutra is believed and all the people recite the Odaimoku in unison, there will be no doubt that blowing wind and falling rain will become gentle and the world will become as peaceful as it was during the reigns of the sage emperors of ancient China. When such time comes, various calamities disappear, all people live long, and people as well as their faith will never disappear. As a result, the so-called perennial youth and immortality will be realized. Then the “tranquility in life” predicted in the Lotus Sutra will be proved.

Reprinted from the Shingyō Hikkei

Shingyō Hikkei: Shohō Jissō-shō

A Letter to Monk Sairenbō

Tears roll down when I think of the great hardship which I have to endure today, but I cannot stop tears of joy when I think of Obtaining Buddhahood in the future. Birds and insects cry without shedding tears. Nichiren does not cry but tears keep falling. These tears are shed not for worldly matters. They are solely for the sake of the Lotus Sutra. Therefore, they could be said to be tears of nectar.

(Explanatory note)

When Nichiren Shonin realized that all the difficulties he had to undergo in his life were for the sake of the Lotus Sutra, he was moved so deeply that tears rolled down; and when he thought of the possibility of obtaining Buddhahood in the near future by virtue of the merits he accumulated, he could not stop shedding tears of joy. Birds and insects cry without shedding tears. Nichiren Shonin did not cry but continuously shed tears. What were these tears for? They were not for the worldly happiness, anger, sadness or joy; they were all for the spreading of the Lotus Sutra and leading people in the right way. Therefore, these tears could be said to be tears of nectar.

Reprinted from the Shingyō Hikkei

Shingyō Hikkei: Kaimoku-shō (Part 2)

Opening the Eyes

I have made a vow. Even if someone says that he would make me the ruler of Japan on the condition that I give up the Lotus Sutra and rely upon the Amida Sutra for my salvation in the next life, or even if someone threatens me saying that he will execute my parents if I do not say “Namu Amida-butsu,” and no matter how many great difficulties fall upon me, I will not submit to them until a man of wisdom defeats me by reason. Other difficulties are like dust in the wind. I will never break my vow that I will become the pillar of Japan, I will become the eyes of Japan, and I will become the great vessel of Japan.

(Explanatory note)

Nichiren Shonin made a vow. Even if the ruler of Japan induces him saying that he would give him the kingship of Japan providing that he gives up the Lotus Sutra and believes in the Amida Sutra for the salvation in the next life, or threatens him saying that he will execute Nichiren’s parents if he does not say “Namu Amida butsu,” he will never submit himself to any kind of inducement or threat unless someone wiser than Nichiren Shonin himself appears and defeats him by reason. Any great difficulties other than that are like flying dust. Nichiren Shonin made his three great vows, “I will be come the pillar of Japan, I will become the eyes of Japan, and I will become the great vessel of Japan; “ and he was determined to keep them by all means.

Reprinted from the Shingyō Hikkei

Shingyō Hikkei: Kaimoku-shō

Opening the Eyes

Filial piety of the Confucian School limits itself to this life. Since it does not help the parents in the future life, its sages and wise men are empty names without reality. Other non-Buddhist schools may know about past and future lives but they have no way of saving parents. Only Buddhism helps parents in their future lives. Therefore, those in Buddhism are worthy of the name of “sage and wise man.” Even in Buddhism, however, various scriptures and sects expounded before the Lotus Sutra were unable to help people obtain enlightenment themselves, much less their parents. They have only words without meaning. Only when the Lotus Sutra was expounded and said that women could obtain Buddhahood, our mothers’ obtaining Buddhahood became possible; and when it said that even a wicked man like Devadatta could obtain Buddhahood, our fathers’ obtaining Buddhahood also became possible. This is the sutra of filial piety among all Buddhist scriptures.

(Explanatory note)

After all, Confucianism is merely a school of moral teachings. Therefore its concept of filial piety is limited to this world, and it does not tell about filial piety of life in the future. However, unless one’s filial piety extends to his future life, he is not worthy of being called a sage or a wise man. If he is called so, he enjoys an empty name. Although philosophical schools of India tell about the past and future, they are in general concerned with a cold logic. Since they are not religions of warm faith, they do not expound filial piety in the future life. In this sense Buddhism is worthy of the teachings of the sage and wise man because it expounds filial piety in the future life as well as the way to attain Buddhahood. However, many schools of Buddhism which have their basis on sutras expounded before the Lotus Sutra for example Amida, Shingon and Zen Schools cannot obtain their own Buddhahood, much less helping parents obtain Buddhahood. No matter how wonderful they may sound, they are but empty words. When the Buddha expounded the Lotus Sutra and showed the attainment of Buddhahood by Dragon Princess as an example of a female obtaining Buddhahood and that of Devadatta as an example of a wicked person, it became clear that we can help our parents to obtain Buddhahood. In this sense the Lotus Sutra is indeed the most filial sutra among all the Buddhist scriptures.

Reprinted from the Shingyō Hikkei

Shingyō Hikkei: Shōji Ichidaiji Kechimyaku-shō

A Letter to Monk Sairenbō

All my disciples and followers, considering the relationship among themselves to be the relationship between fish and water, should recite “Namu Myoho Renge-kyo” in one mind. This is the “blood” succession of the most important matter in our life and death. After all, this is what I, Nichiren, am trying to spread. If this is done, my great wish of disseminating the Lotus Sutra will be accomplished. Moreover, if there is anyone among Nichiren’s disciples who does not agree with others, he is like a defender of a castle who is breaking it from the inside.

(Explanatory note)

When all the disciples and followers of Nichiren Shonin discard individualistic egoism, believe in the inseparable relationship among themselves like the relationship between fish and water, and recite “Namu Myoho Renge-kyo” in one heart, there is the direct succession of the most important matter in our life and death, that is, faith directly related to the Eternal Buddha. After all, what Nichiren Shonin was trying to spread at the risk of his life was for the purpose of making all human beings know that they were directly related to the Eternal Buddha. If members of the Nichiren Sect unite themselves as members of a religiously blood-related one family, there is no doubt that Nichiren Shonin’s great wish of spreading the Lotus Sutra throughout the world will be achieved. If there is anyone among the followers of Nichiren Shonin who breaks this unity, he is like a traitor among the defenders of a castle who secretly helps the enemy to destroy the castle.

Reprinted from the Shingyō Hikkei

Daily Dharma – Nov. 17, 2023

True practicers of Buddhism should not rely on what people say, but solely on the golden words of the Buddha.

Nichiren wrote this passage in his Treatise on the True Way of Practicing the Teaching of the Buddha (Nyosetsu Shugyō-shō). We may take this to mean that we should not listen to anything that others tell us and dogmatically adhere to a fixed teaching. Another interpretation involves learning to see the world as the Buddha does. Where people often speak from their own delusion and selfish desires, the Buddha speaks only to lead us to his enlightenment and help us to remove our attachments. When we look for the Buddha in all parts of our lives, we can learn to appreciate anything we hear from anybody as teaching us to become enlightened.

The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com

Shingyō Hikkei: Shijō Kingo Nyōbō Gosho

Letter to the Wife of Shijō Kingo

Is there anything which is brighter than the sun and the moon? Is there anything which is more pure than the lotus blossom? The Lotus Sutra is the sun and the moon and the lotus flower. Therefore, it is called the Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law
I, Nichiren, am also like the sun and moon and the lotus flower.

(Explanatory note)

There is nothing which is brighter than the sun and moon. There is nothing which is purer than the lotus blossom. The content of the Lotus Sutra is indeed the brightness of the sun and moon and the pureness of a lotus blossom. Therefore, it is called the Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law. The sun and moon and the lotus blossom are Nichiren’s life and soul. (This is indeed the origin of Nichiren’s name.)

Reprinted from the Shingyō Hikkei

Shingyō Hikkei: Risshō Ankoku-ron

Treatise on Spreading Peace throughout the Country by Establishing Righteousness

You should promptly convert your wrong faith to the belief in the true and one vehicle faith. Then this world will all become the land of the Buddha. Will the land of the Buddha decay? Ten directions Will become the “treasure land.” Will the “treasure land” be destroyed? When the land does not decay and is not destroyed, your body is safe and your heart tranquil. Believe these words and revere them.

(Explanatory note)

Presented to the ex-Regent of the Kamakura shogunate, Hōjō Tokiyori, the “Treatise on Spreading Peace throughout the Country by Establishing Righteousness” consists of questions and answers between a master of a house and his guest. The following is the master’s last advice to the guest to have faith:

You have to change your faith as soon as possible and convert yourself to the Lotus Sutra which is the supreme teaching of the Buddha. Then the Triple World — the entire world — will all become the land of the Buddha. How can the land of the Buddha decay? Also the ten directions — all the lands — will become the “treasure land.” How can the “treasure land” be destroyed?

If there is no decay or destruction of the land, the life of the inhabitants will be peaceful and their hearts will be tranquil and happy. This is not my arbitrary opinion, but it is based on Buddhist scriptures. It is as I explained it before, and you should have no objection. You should believe in my words open mindedly and respect them from your heart. It is the road to the right religion and peace of society.

Reprinted from the Shingyō Hikkei

Daily Dharma – Nov. 14, 2023

Rivers come together to form an ocean. Particles of dust accumulate to become Mt. Sumeru. When I, Nichiren, began having faith in the Lotus Sutra, it was like a drop of water or a particle of dust in Japan. However, when the sutra is chanted and transmitted to two, three, ten, a million and a billion people, it will grow to be a Mt. Sumeru of perfect enlightenment or the great ocean of Nirvāṇa. There is no way other than this to reach Buddhahood.

Nichiren wrote this passage in his essay on Selecting the Right Time (Senji-shō). In our quest for enlightenment, we may become discouraged by the enormity of our task. When we sweep away one delusion, another appears. When we benefit one being, the needs of millions more become clear. Nichiren reminds us persevering though these difficulties and strengthening our faith in the Buddha’s wisdom are more important than any outcome we seek.

The Daily Dharma is produced by the Lexington Nichiren Buddhist Community. To subscribe to the daily emails, visit zenzaizenzai.com